MArs polar Landing essays

MArs polar Landing papers An earth shattering event has been offered to us. The Mars Polar Lander will attempt to arrive at its goal of Mars southern polar ice top. The Lander was attempted to contact down on Friday December 3, 1999. It was propelled from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17 on January 3, 1999 and ideally it has at long last arrived at the surfaces of Mars. This strategic worth $327.6 million aggregate for both orbiter and Lander (excluding Deep Space 2). Those figures originate from $193.1 million for rocket improvement, $91.7 million for dispatch, and $42.8 million for mission tasks. Walk 1, 2000 is the foreseen finish of the Primary Mission. This really an accomplishment of mankind to investigate and translate the scene of the red planet. For what reason would we think about altering the planet in any case? many individuals would inquire. A portion of these reasons are really self-evident. Everything began in the late 1870s, when Giovanni Schiaparelli saw what appeared to be waterways. These waterways began from each good post and appeared as though these channels shipped water to different zones of the planet. This perception started more investigation. In spite of the fact that, with the constrained assets in those days, there was very little they could do. Circumstances are different and with the accessible innovation, the accomplishment is conceivable. Investigation has extended, and we have learned different new things about the planet. Numerous missions have went to Mars and investigated since the main interest with earth and more is still to learn. Thus the reason for the mission that has arrived. Another purpose behind the investigation is that Mars is the following most inhabitable planet, close to the earth, in the Solar System. We wonder if that in two or multi year that we can live there. Be that as it may, all that is in the far future. The Landscape of Mars is somewhat tricky, gained from past missions. The polar locales of Mars are once in a while cool enough to freeze carbon diox ... <!

The Role of Afro-Cubans in the Formation of Cuba Essays -- History Cub

The Role of Afro-Cubans in the Formation of Cuba Presentation In the development of the Cuban country, the job of Afro-Cubans is irrefutably vital. The achievement and wealth got by Cuba as a Spanish settlement would have been inconceivable without the misuse of African slave work. Indeed, even before liberation, there were key figures in the Cuban autonomy development, for example, Antonio Maceo, who were free men of Afro-Cuban inception. After liberation in 1886, Afro-Cuban ex-slaves indicated their excitement for their future in Cuba by chipping in enormous numbers to battle in the Liberation Army. However in the triumph over the Spanish in 1898, Afro-Cubans were given little acknowledgment for their staggering help, and were avoided for places of power during the American occupation. The Americans by and large designated white Cuban outcasts or Spanish officers over Afro-Cubans, annihilating the expectations many had of at last accepting their legitimate offer, in the expressions of student of history Aline Helg. Helg’s book Our Righ tful Share: The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886-1912, talks about these rehashed dissatisfactions felt by Afro-Cubans. In 1902 Cubans were finally allowed to oversee themselves, and a constitution was drafted announcing all men equivalent, and giving all inclusive male testimonial. However whites despite everything overwhelmed the places of intensity in Cuba, and supported themselves by sticking to a fantasy that racial equity had been set up (Helg, 70). Disappointed with their parcel, Afro-Cubans again took an interest in huge numbers in a transformation, this time under the liberal Jose Miguel Gomez, who guaranteed them improved portrayal in government positions. Following the mistake encompassing the 1908 decisions, Afro-Cubans started to d... ...top yielding everything to benefit Cuba. They needed to adore themselves and perceive their own worth; at that point they needed to cherish their families, at that point, their race; and afterward, simply after this, their country (241). The fantasy, or perhaps perfect of racial uniformity and solidarity had been overlooked. The disappointment of Afro-Cubans to achieve correspondence in Cuba was the consequence of a supremacist cultural chain of importance commanded by a white privileged. The more Afro-Cubans pushed for changes, the more whites stood up to. In the long run, Afro-Cuban strategies turned out to be progressively radical, which prompted the savage reaction to the Partido Independiente de Color. The perfect of society between the races, held by the Cuban progressive legends Maceo and Marti, couldn't endure. Assets Helg, Aline. Our Rightful Share: The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886-1912. UNC Press, Chapel Hill, 1995.

Assignment 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Task 7 - Essay Example There are three fundamental segments that each individual just as configuration ought to watch with the goal that the sentiments of the individuals included are skillfully dealt with. The three viewpoints that should be considered with the goal that sentiments of others are paid attention to particularly in configuration incorporate appearance, conduct and their encounters or articulations. The three viewpoints should be acknowledged in the communication with every individual so they can interface with us. To start with, appearance or the instinctive viewpoint as portrayed by Norman (2004) depicts the manner in which we can acknowledge how people respond to the outward appearance of the item structure. It is even basic that we comprehend that appearance is much increasingly significant that usefulness since the vast majority are probably going to see alluring things to be more easy to understand than ugly ones paying little heed to the genuine realities. The plan ought to likewise as sess the presumable effect it might have on the delight or adequacy that will be accomplished by the potential clients. As a result, to have the option to truly think about the people’s emotions, we ought to have the option to furnish them with items that are probably going to rejuvenate their affectionate recollections. In conclusion, it is significant that the items mirror the individual’s balanced and scholarly standards and that they can connect with it by giving a clarification of how it capacities. Norman (2004) has recommended that PCs ought to accordingly take the enthusiastic segment through very much planned projects that can consider the user’s sentiments. It is very abnormal yet similarly silly to believe that PCs can have feelings or if nothing else, have a component of making feelings. Somewhat, I concur with the author to the degree that PCs and other digitech items ought to have fundamental components of feelings so they can be more clients agree able. While there is a major test of splendidly making programs that will be perfectly react to various feelings and handle various characters, it is significant that PCs can make some stylish worth separated from the ordinary convenience highlights. It is significant that PCs and other innovative items can relate to chronicled and vital occasions that individuals can associate them and not see them as harsh apparatuses. The author is along these lines right when he expresses that there ought to be a human part in the working of machines. He gives a genuine case of robots that he accepts ought to accomplish something beyond doled out undertakings with the goal that they are seen as progressively fit. In any case, in as much as the worries of the essayist might be veritable in tending to this extraordinary shortcoming of PC related plan, it is as yet incomprehensible to imagine that PCs will impeccably fit to hand-off feelings and relate with various characters. Like each being has d iverse enthusiastic edge and they may change as per the earth or some authentic occurring in addition to other things, PCs may need to have complex frameworks that will coordinate every one of these angles in a solitary program that is probably going to take monstrous endeavors and enormous assets to accomplish. A2. The Philosopher’s Tool Kit Wittkower (2008) has brought a significant segment up in item configuration by utilizing the case of an iPod and the way of thinking behind its much obsessive after. The creator raises four relevant issues that customers may need

That Dreaded, Cringe-inducing College Admission Essay

The point of a college admission essay is to impress the application reviewers. That is what I have been told anyway. Yet, I have to believe that there is more to it than that. I have to believe that the college of my dreams wants to dissect every fiber of my being. I have to believe that the college of my dreams wants to know who in the world they are providing an education to. I have to believe that someone out there actually cares in order to remain sane. The line between sanity and insanity is a very fine one indeed. Anyway, I am going to write this â€Å"dreaded, cringe-inducing† essay in a way that will open up a portal into my soul. I give my permission for you to peek in. On the ninth of September 2005, I glided down the gothic halls of Bayonne High School steadfast in my belief that I would hate every fiber of every being within its ancient walls. I had graduated from a minuscule grammar school, a literal box, with merely twenty kids in its graduating class. I ruled the people in that kingdom. As valedictorian, I sat upon a gold-plated throne with what I thought was the world at my feet. I felt as if I bore the very weight of the entire universe upon my shoulders. That whole â€Å"I am totally going to change the world single-handedly† attitude was epitomized by every dramatic step that echoed off the street from my holey Vans. Self-absorbed? Yes, I agree, but do not worry—reality came knocking on my door soon enough. The only word that can defend me is naivety. I walked into my freshman orientation so sure of myself, but then I saw the masses. People were smarter than me, people were prettier than me, people were more eloquent than me, and people were most definitely more this and that than me. So, I became a little cynical, but who would not? I am a teenager after all. That is what happens when you are raised in a theoretical bubble. Well, I’m merely a seventeen-year-old high school student who truly has no knowledge on the expansive nature of psychology. However, I will attempt to apply it to my personal life. I have grown up in the midst of a traditional Pakistani Muslim family. My parents were both raised and married in Pakistan and there, they had both my older sister and older brother. Later, they moved to the United States of America to provide a better life for their children and I was born about a year after this move. Though I was exposed to a completely American culture, my parents have always stressed the importance of my Pakistani cultural background upon me. Most teenagers today recall how their parents used to set limitations on their clothes and relationships. However, as a Pakistani youngster, I have been raised with a far more reserved nature. Also, my religion forbids drinking, substance abuse, revealing clothing, and inappropriate pre-marital relations. Both my culture and religion advocate homage of God and homage of parents. I abide by these rules without objection. For example, I do not wear sleeveless shirts, shorts, bathing suits, and clothing of that nature. I am strongly against alcohol, drugs, and pre-marital relations. Furthermore, my older sister followed through with an arranged marriage my parents had proposed and I plan to do the same. Many of my friends find it absurd that I plan to never date and that I will agree to the arranged marriage my parents will propose for me. Yet, these things do not at all seem absurd to me because I have been brought up with that cultural mindstand and I abide by my cultural rules instinctively. However, American culture has also influenced the way I act. For example, feminism is something not very well known in Pakistan, but here in the United States I do express my sense of feminism under my parents and they do understand where I am coming from when I do very â€Å"un-femininely† things like play video games, listen to rock, have long drawn out political debatesâ€⠀or debates on any subject actually, and stubbornly insist on dorming for college. I had entered the Honors/Advanced Placement Program without any of my old minions so I was left alone to wallow in the dust. I sat alone in the corner of every class. Lectures in English, Creative Writing, and Biology were my only oasis—and a giant Harry Potter novel shoved into my obese, Rolling-Stones backpack of course. My affinity to read, write, listen to punk rock, and watch the Discovery channel helped numb away the time. Tick-tock, tick-tock. My high school experience was†¦something. I could not remain a reclusive Emily Dickinson forever—my overbearing, gullible stance was bound to bubble out one way or another. I became friends with the kind of people Disney stories portray as the evil, bad guys—the kind of people I will look back upon and say, â€Å"What the heck was I thinking?† So, next time momma gives me a warning, I will try to keep those audi tory, ear canals ready to receive. I was a literal homework machine for these beloved friends of mine. You see, in Bayonne High School, students are ranked according to their academic standing at the end of their senior year. For three years of my own high school career, I was friends with people who did not care what would become of me a couple of years from now. The only reason they had befriended the weirdo, nerd in the corner was to climb â€Å"rank ladder†. Though I realized this a little too late, I was glad I did. My hardships in high school have taught me that I do not need anyone to lean on. Even though I was a bit full of myself in grammar school, I learned that I should not completely degrade myself to pitiful nobody either. On a brighter note, I believe that I am far less gullible and more independent. Whether this is true or not is another story, but at least I have defined myself for myself. Thus, though people may jeer and cringe at the thought of adv ersity, it is an essential key to the portrait we paint of ourselves—for us and for the world. Yet, my high school experience was more than just the key that unlocked the uglier side of the world to me. I received an amazingly difficult education from amazingly difficult teachers. Though I may have cried and moaned at the amount of homework that came with Honors/Advanced Placement courses, they have taken a pitiful freshman and molded a dominant senior. (So what if I get Alzheimer’s due to the ridiculous amount of nights I have stayed up doing essays and studying for exams? It will pay off eventually, right?) Within these courses, I was given the tools to break out of that traditional, brick box people have built around our minds since the day we are born. I threw myself into a plethora of outrageously diverse after school activities that have taught me how to hone my skills and function in society and the world. Now, I can think, I can reason, I can argue, I can formulate, I can write, I can apply science, I can apply mathematics—I can be a Renaissance woman. Another important part of me was added in the summer of 2008. I was given a full Diversity Scholarship to the AFS Panama Summer Exchange Program. My fervently Pakistani mom has always shielded me from the world and has basically kept me under house arrest in her house and under her rules. Yet, I do not blame her. It was very hard for her to let me go to another country for a program she did not even consider very educational, but I needed to pop the bubble she had raised me in—I needed to lift that cultural veil she had shrouded upon my head. Once I entered Panama, I saw poverty, prostitution, greed, and disease with my very own eyes. I would want to protect my kids from the horrors of the world too. High school is merely a stepping-stone compared to the real world! I want to help the world in any shape or form that I can. As of now, I want become a doctor an d/or writer because I know I can help people through medicine and writing. This life is not mine to live†¦it is mine to give. I would rather live for people than for myself. Sometimes, it disgusts me to the point of vomiting at how teenagers nowadays take their lives for granted. They mess around, impregnate or get pregnant, complain about zits, need way too much, spend way too much, drive like idiots, get drunk, smoke, get high, curse, flunk out of school, and act like overall horrible people. All I know is that I definitely want to utilize the tremendous amount of resources being offered me to do my part for the betterment of mankind. I am a miniature Holden Caulfield, America’s beloved troubled child. I bear the world upon my shoulders. I am definitely not worthy enough to do that, but I told you I am a bit full of myself at times. I try too much. I am an overachiever. I think I can infect everyone with my Peter Pan Syndrome. I am gullible and naà ¯ve at times. I will always remain a child at heart. The world’s ugliness scares me too much and I aim to annihilate this aspect of it. I like facing my fears—actually, I like destroying my fears. I love living in the world of books and movies, except I hate that feeling you get, when you finish a book and are left staring at that little misprint on the back cover or when the lights flick on after a movie and all you are left with is a theater room with a sticky floor and a blank, white screen. I am going to make the line between fantasy and reality very fine with my writing someday. I am weird and I have poured my soul into this personal statement. Bored? Do not worry I am most definitely not offended. Like Holden, I am going to do what I can for the world. Though we are both screwed up, we try and we are both going to be â€Å"catchers in the rye†. The only aspect I disagree with my fraternal, literary twin on is when he says, â€Å"Don't ever tell anybo dy anything. If you do, you start missing everybody.† I am very open-minded and cannot shut up at all. I am going to speak my mind and make people miss me. That is what people should live for. If what you say or do affects one person in a positive way, you have done well and will be remembered. That is all I want. That is all Holden wants. That is all anyone has and will ever want. This university will supply me with the tools I need to achieve my outrageous goals. This university will help me hone my skills and personality. This university will prepare me for the real world. If I have impressed you then shout hooray. If I have not, I am truly sorry for wasting your time and killing trees. Shame on me!

Domestic Terrorism And The Security Of The Us - 1040 Words

Today, domestic terrorism is one of the major threats to the national security of the US. Since 9/11, the US intelligence services and law enforcement agencies viewed international terrorism as the major threat to the public security of the US but the threat of domestic terrorism has been underestimated. At any rate, American law enforcement agencies conduct active campaigns to prevent international terrorism but domestic terrorism become a serious threat to the national security of the US. In such a way, the US needs to develop effective strategies to prevent the rise of domestic terrorism. Otherwise, the US may face a threat of the consistent growth of domestic terrorism as do some European countries, such as the UK, for instance. Therefore, law enforcement agencies should focus their attention on the prevention of domestic terrorism because, even though domestic terrorism is unseen, it may be even more dangerous than international terrorism. Domestic terrorists undermine the count ry from within, while international terrorists attack the US from the outside and the US can raise barriers to protect Americans from the foreign threat, while domestic terrorism needs effective work of law enforcement agencies nationwide. Therefore, domestic terrorism is a serious threat to the national security of the US and American law enforcement agencies along legislators and the public have to unite their efforts in the struggle against domestic terrorism. DEFINITION OF DOMESTIC TERRORISMShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On The Terrorism And Terrorism1064 Words   |  5 PagesCanan Kumas POLS 431-01 Globalization and Security Dr. Daniel Herman Research Paper Homegrown Terrorism Terrorism is terrorist activity either made on one’s homeland or made on another person’s country, which is/has become a huge concern for the United States. After the attacks of September 11, 2001, the US has taken huge measures to make sure there were not foreign attacks made on US soil again, but what about domestic attacks? The attacks of 9/11 left more than 3,000 civilians dead and moreRead MoreRed Cell Analysis Of Right Wing Extremist Militias1638 Words   |  7 PagesRed Cell Analysis of Right Wing Extremist Militias in the United States Christopher A Caley HLSS230 Intelligence Homeland Security 13 August 2015 Right wing miliita groups represent a danger to the domestic security of the United States. Their ideology of violence or the threat of violence is consistent with the laws and values of the American people as a whole. From their perspective, they believe they are defending their liberty, property, and their lives from an oppressive governmentRead MoreExamining the Domestic Terror Groups: An Important Study for the Homeland Security667 Words   |  3 Pages2001, the threat from domestic terror groups remains a central concern of those responsible for homeland security. In fact, while the United States has not suffered from another foreign attack in the decade since 9/11, research by the Federal Bureau of Investigations, along with non-governmental organizations, has found that the number of domestic terror groups has increased, a trend only exacerbated by the economic recession (U.S. Department of Justice, 2009, Domestic Terrorism). While there are aRead MoreDomestic Terrorism An d International Terrorism1335 Words   |  6 Pagesnews but our everyday reality. Terrorism has been another problem, terrorism is nothing new and has always been present but after the 09/11 attack it has been increasing throughout the years. Most terror attacks haven’t been as impactful as the 9/11 attack but most recently domestic terrorists have carried out most of the attacks. The government should take the measures necessary and focus more on domestic terrorism than international terrorism for now, because domestic terrorists are already here andRead MoreDomestic Terrorism And Its Effect On Terrorism Essay1541 Words   |  7 Pages Domestic terrorism consists of violations against federal and state law that put humans into danger. The purpose of domestic terrorism is to influence or to instill fear into the population and government. Terrorism comes in forms of gun violence, assassinations, and destruction (1). Since 1970, there have been 2,608 attacks and 226 fatal attacks up until 2011 (3). In 1867, the development of dynamite contributed to increasing terrorism, and radicals have used explosives to bring attention to politicalRead MoreDomestic Terrorism Term paper702 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Excelsior College CJ 352 Domestic Terrorism Term Paper What are some of the arguments for or against the use of the internet as an intelligence-gathering tool? The internet is serving as virtual meeting for billions of users. The intelligence-gathering is leveraging the internet using hard data for online links. The social networking sites are the main complementary link to any information. The social networking sites provide the most importantRead MoreNational Security Vs. Digital Privacy1735 Words   |  7 Pagesto the increasing crime and terrorism rates in America, the optimal solution thus far is enhancing security throughout the nation. By doing so, policies, procedures, and protocols would be amended for the sole purpose of protecting the country. Such alterations should be made because it prevents crime in a timely, reliable, and successful manner, whilst preserving the fundamental rights of all United States Citizens. In light of the controversy over national security versus digital privacy, the governmentRead MoreTerrorism And The United Nations Security Council1351 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism by its very natu re disrupts international peace and security through premeditated, political violence. The 11th September attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon disrupted the global economy. The attacks spawned and facilitated widespread personal fear, panic and economic dislocation (Bergen, 2002). According to the United Nations Security Council, one of the objectives of the terrorists was to create a state of global anarchy by means of influencing the conduct of governmentRead MoreAn Age Of Mass Migration And International Terrorism1715 Words   |  7 Pagesinternational terrorism, the intersection of liberty and equality while also pursuing domestic security and efficiency is a major concern. The ability to untangle these forces is critical to national identities and to resolving contradictions between these principles in order to strengthen the values of justice. The values of liberty, equality, security and efficiency have different weights, but all of these have come to characterize the modern state, have guided the formation of domestic public policyRead MoreEssay about Homeland Security1415 Words   |  6 PagesSince 9/11, terrorism has become a priority for law enforcement and military personnel in the United States. Even more importantly, it has turned into a War o n Terrorism. September 11th was the worst terrorist attack ever on the United States. Therefore, our government officials responded in the only way that felt suitable, attacking terrorism. The group responsible for the events of 9/11 is called the Al Qaeda. Al Qaeda is one of the most well known terrorist groups in the world. Because

The Power Of Police Officers - 954 Words

In a society that craves more freedom and yearns for political correctness, the visible breakdown of the judicial role is evident; absolute freedom is no better than chaos. However, in the absence of order, the individuals that we have placed in a position to protect and serve can no longer do just that. Instead, they are bound by laws that do not have their best interests in mind and restrictions have been put in place that makes it difficult for them to do their job. The job comes with obvious risks, dealing with suspects at every level of criminal offenses yet; the men and woman who sign on know what is at stake. It is a stressful role that takes its toll on police officers, more so because in these situations, an incident may arise that needs to be dealt with decisively. However, with the plethora of inaccurate and unjustified reports of police brutality, and the reciprocating media backlash, police officers are put in a haphazard situation that does not allow them to make q uick decisions and act accordingly. The fact of the matter is that for decades, the tension between police officers and the overall populace has continued to grow. Police are chastised for doing their job; in fact, police brutality is arguably the most publicized forms of police misconduct, especially in recent history. It is obvious that categorizing forcible coercion into separate levels of severity has become an increasing obstacle for the police, in some cases. However, it is only when anShow MoreRelatedPolice Abuse Of Powers Of Police Officers1772 Words   |  8 PagesNa’Darius Nealey English 4 Period 4B Ms.K 2 September 2014 Police Abuse of Powers Police officers are given a lot of power because it is needed to help protect citizens and the community. However, police often abuse their power by the over use of force, corruption, sexual misconduct, bias based policing, and failure to maintain police ethics. (Peak, 2011) The over use of force would include: unjustified shootings, severe beatings, fatal chokings, and rough treatment. Policing is a very dangerousRead MoreEssay on Misused Power Decreases Respect for Police Officers582 Words   |  3 Pagesclaim police officers to be helpful with keeping the community in order, helpful for finding justice, and maybe even considered heroes. I once also thought highly of them. On the other hand, people have a different perception on them. Many people, like me, have seen the not so great side of these heroes people speak of and realized they aren’t as great as they seem. They abuse, misuse, and also get away with things because of their power. Because of this, I no longer believe police officers to beRead More Seperation of Powers, Rule of Law and Responsible Government1709 Words   |  7 Pagescomplexities of present diverse societies have led parliaments to develop various types of laws and regulations on the basis of the establishment of these i ntricate notions of rule of law, separation of powers and responsible government in order to maintain social order and harmony between police, citizens and the government. These implementation have distinctive application within contemporary society and the way in which they are applied to policing, as they all aim to achieve civilized and agreeableRead MorePolice Powers And Responsibilities Act 2000935 Words   |  4 PagesThe Police Powers and Responsibilities Act 2000 (Qld) was introduced in Queensland on the 23rd of March, presenting a significant simplification and codification of the law involving the police powers. Police Powers and Responsibilities Regulation 2012 (Qld) works concurrently with The Police Powers and Responsibilities Act to ultimately publicize the law to police officers and the public in regards to police powers. Together, these effectively outline the obligations and safeguards which must beRead MoreThe Importance Of Being A Police Officer1222 Words   |  5 Pagespartake in for the near future is a police officer. This career has alot of positive and negative aspects to it. Being a police officer is a very rewarding but can be dangerous job. Police officers risk there lives everyday to protect their communities. There are many very important components such as the duties and responsibilities, health and safety risks, and some ethical issues as to be a police officer. I will explain what it means to be a police officer and how beneficial it is to our communitiesRead MoreParanoid Style Of Police Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pagesyourself what it would be like to become a police officer. Becoming a police officer isn’t an easy take because they have to risk their life everyday to protect and serve the community. They have to go through the dangers of arresting criminals when there is a chance that they could die. However, in today’s society only a small amount of police officers actually serve their community and protect ci tizens from danger. Right now, most police officers abuse their power to the point where they don’t seem toRead MoreEthics Of Law Enforcement : Power Abuse1236 Words   |  5 PagesAndreea Draghici Prof. Turner ETHC232 8/27/15 Ethical Dilemma in Law Enforcement – Power Abuse Throughout many professions, we witness multiple instances where power is being abused due to one’s title in society. When it comes down to the topic, my group and I decided to go with ethical dilemmas within law enforcement. The topic I will be covering is the power abuse that some police officers participate in on a daily basis. Some, based on theories, others, based on experiences and facts. HoweverRead MoreSolving the Issue of Fellow Officers Abusing Their Power and Sometimes Taking the Law into Their Own Hands945 Words   |  4 PagesHow can police officials solve the issue of fellow officers abusing their power and at times taking the law into their own hands? In the field of law enforcement, it can be difficult to balance what is the right course of action to use based on the criminals and their intentions while being placed under arrest. It is important that officers make all the appropriate precautions so that their decision to implement use of force cannot be miscued as abuse of power. Police officers are on the forceRead MoreThe Social Problem Of Police Brutality1458 Words   |  6 Pagessocial problem I would like to conduct sociological research on is the use of excessive force used by members of the police department in recent unconscionable shootings of unarmed civilians. With all the recent attention that the people of Ferguson Missouri and New York City have been able to rise on this issue, making it a media sensation, it seemed like a good topic to discuss. Police brutality is an egregious, ongoing problem in our society that, until just recently, has been accepted as a sad factRead MorePolice Discretion and Corruption Essay example1298 Words   |  6 PagesFine Line between Police Discretion and Corruption Abstract In today’s law enforcement agencies there is a fine line between discretion and corruption. Imagine that you are a police officer, you pull over a car that you suspect is driven by someone who has had too much to drink. Upon reaching the window you find that it’s an old friend from school. Do you take him to jail or do you take him home? Police officers have the power to make this decision. In the world of the officer this could be a

Criminal Law Automatism

Question: Discuss about the Criminal Law Automatism. Answer: Introduction Automatism is a type of defense which is used in the criminal law cases. Automatism is one of the types of medical conditions, which is related to the mental state of the defending party. It can be seen as lack of excuse, or culpability, or the lack of voluntariness. This denotes that the defending party was not aware about their actions while doing or making the particular move, which resulted in the constitution of an illegal act[1]. In a number of jurisdictions, there is a distinction between the sane and the insane automatism. As per the MNaghten Rules, in case of the involuntariness being caused by a disease of mind, i.e., mental illness, it has to be treated as an insane automatism and in these situations, it results in the verdict being a special one, i.e., of not being guilty as a result of insanity. For the defendant, this has major practical implications since they can still be held in the custody, even after the special verdict has been delivered, as opposed to the cases where straight acquittal is available through sane automatism[2]. Since automatism is a comprehensive defense, there are a number of exclusions to this very defense. In this, the person should not be at the fault. A classic example of this can be seen in the case of Kay v Butterworth[3], where the individual was not held criminal liable for being unconscious while driving, as a result of a sudden illness. Though, an individual could be held responsible for driving in a state where ne could fall asleep while driving. The issue relating to the prior fault applies in cases of the diabetics suffering from hypoglycemia while driving[4]. The following parts present a contrast between insane and sane automatism as this issue been subject to sustained and cogent criticism[5]. Types of Automatism As highlighted earlier, there are two types of automatism, the sane and the insane one. Automatism is often referred as the non insane automatism, which helps in making a difference between it and the defense of insanity. The automotive state cause has to be external and so a reference to this is made in terms of external factor theory. It is crucial that these two are distinguished. In case the cause of automatic action was something external, for instance, a concussion resulting from a blow to the head, then upon applying the defense of automatism, the same can be used to lead to a verdict which states not-guilty. Though, in case the automatic behavior is from a cause of internal factors, for instance epilepsy, then it is the case of insane automatism and is covered under the insanity defense and not under automatism[6]. There are two kinds of seizures for a diabetic patient which can lead to an individual being unconscious. Hypoglycemia is the low blood sugar diabetes and is caused by taking insulin and not eating afterwards, or in case where too much insulin has been taken. Hyperglycemia is the opposite of it, and so, it is the high blood sugar and is caused by failure in taking enough or any insulin. In both the cases, it is possible that before the loss of consciousness, the diabetic individual might become hysterically violent or aggressive[7]. A diabetic who is aggressive or violent as a result of being in a hypoglycemic state would likely be able to plead automatism as a result of the insulin, since the intake of insulin is considered as an external factor. On the other hand, a diabetic person who is aggressive or violent as a result of being in the hyperglycemic state would have to go for the insanity defense as in such a case there is an absence of an external factor[8]. This can be evidenced from the case of R v Quick Paddison and R v Hennessy. R v Quick Paddison[9] is a leading case in the matter of sane-automatism. In this case, the appellant had attacked the patient while he was on his duty, as a result of which the patient was injured. Upon being charged with assault, the appellant raised the defense of automatism stating that he was hypoglycemic and had taken insulin without eating anything. The trial judge held that this was a case of insanity and not automatism. The defendant changed his plea and appealed. The conviction was quashed as the appeal was allowed. The hypoglycemia was not caused by the diabetes and was an external factor based[10]. Another case in this regard is the case of R v Hennessy[11], but in this case, the appeal was dismissed as the appellant had pleaded against conviction. The defense of insanity was held to be the proper defense. This was because in the view of the Court of Appeals, the state of hyperglycemia was caused due to the diabetic disease itself and not because of any external factor of injecting the insulin, as was found in the R v Quick Paddison case[12]. Sane Automatism When the defense of sane automatism is pleaded in a successful manner, it acts as a complete defense and absolves the defendant from any and all criminal liability. It is different from the insane automatism defense as in that defense, the power to detain an individual in a mental hospital is absent and an order cannot be made against the defendant[13]. The sane automatism defense exists when any individual commits a crime in such situation where their actions are said to be involuntary. So, even when the defendant is not conscious due to some external factor, this defense can be used. The key difference between these is that in insane automatism, the defect of reason has to be an internal factor and for sane automatism, the defense, the action has to result due to an external factor. In R v Bingham[14], this defense was held due to external factors presence. In order to apply the defense of sane automatism successfully, the requirements of this have to be fulfilled. So, there must be an existence of the involuntary action which arises due to some external source. Such an action has to be completely involuntary and the automatisms cannot be self-induced[15]. The involuntary action should not be raised due to an inside source, as in such a case, the finding would be of insane automatism. In R v Kemp[16], the hardening of the arteries was taken to be the disease of mind, which is an internal factor and so, the defense of sane automatism was not applied. In Bratty v A-G for NI[17], the defense of sane automatism was quashed as psychomotor epilepsy was an internal condition, which raised the defense of insanity and not sane automatism. Similarly in the case of R v Burgess[18], the appeal for automatism defense was dismissed. This was because the sleepwalking was caused due to a disorder or an abnormality of the brain, even though transitory in nature and hence, was an internal factor. For the defense of sane automatism to be successful, there has to be a complete loss of control. So, if the defendant is able to retain control over some part of their actions, the defense would fail as the defendant, in such a case, would not be acting as automation. In Broome v Perkins[19], the appellant was a diabetic patient and had driven in an erratic manner when he was suffering from hypoglycemia. The defense he used of sane automatism fell short as there was evidence to show that he had exercised conscious control over his car by steering away from the other vehicles in order to avoid a crash and applied the brakes. This conscious control made the defense of sane automatism fall flat and he was convicted for driving without proper care. Insane Automatism The defense of insane automatism is a general defense and is available for every sort of crime. In case of this defense, the special verdict is given of not guilty by reason of insanity. This is a unique defense and has to be raised by the judge and the prosecution, additionally to the quoted defense. This defense is generally a manner of avoiding the finding of insanity and it is commonly seen that the plea is alter on changed by the defendant to guilty, so as to steer clear from a finding of insanity. The use, as well as, importance of this defense has been declined since the death penalty has been abolished and since the defense of diminished responsibility in cases of murder has been introduced[20]. The insanity is relevant at three stages, i.e., before the trial, unfitness to plead and at the time of the offence. In case an individual is in custody and clearly is insane, then the Home Secretary in such cases has the power of detaining such an individual, on immediate basis to a mental hospital. Though, in such cases, there is a requirement of confirmation regarding the state of mind of the offender from two doctors[21]. The unfitness to plead can be raised by the judge, the prosecution or the defense. The jury decides if the defendant is unfit or fit for pleading. The jury has the authority of making the finding regarding the unfitness to plead in case, based on the balance of probabilities, one of the six is beyond the capability of the appellant: Understanding the charges, Exercising the right of challenging the jurors, Taking a decision on whether or not to plead guilty, Providing necessary evidence to prove own defense, Instructing the counsel and the solicitors, Following the proceedings course[22]. In R v Pritchard[23], the defendant was found as unfit to plead as in their opinion, he had no mode of communicating the details of the trial to the prisoner, which he could reasonably understand and which could enable him in making a proper defense to the charges made. To answer the question of presence of insanity at the time the offence was committed, the M'Naghten rules have to be applied. These rules were given in the case of M'Naghten[24] by the House of Lords. As per these rules, it has to be shown that the defendant, at the time of the offence, was suffering from, a defect of reason, which is caused by a disease of mind, and it should be such that the defendant had no knowledge of his actions or that the act was wrong. In R v Clarke[25], it was held that the absent mindedness or forgetfulness is not sufficient for this defense. In R v Sullivan[26], the appellant had kicked a person and at the time of attack, the appellant was suffering from epilepsy. The trial judge held that the appropriate defense in this case was not automatism but insanity and this verdict was upheld by the House of Lords. In R v Windle[27], the defendant stated upon being arrested for killing his wife that as per him, he would be possibly hanged for this. This statement denoted that the defendant knew that what he was doing was considered as unlawful and so, the defense of insanity was quashed. Problems Associated with Sane and Insane Automatism Both the sane and insane automatism, have inherent problems in both theory, as well as, in practice. The cases which involve the defendants suffering from the disease of diabetes provide a leading example which is covered under these defenses. The first and foremost problem is making a distinction between sane and insane automatism, as it fails to make any sense. The dependence is on a crude differentiation, which is based on whether or not the cause of loss of control was due to internal factors or the external factors of the accused[28]. In other words, the key point to establish if there is a case of sane or insane automatism relates to the factor being internal or external, as has been thoroughly explained. However, to make this differentiation is a problem in itself. Firstly, it is quite absurd to label a diabetic person as an insane individual. Moreover, there are cases where the defendants have acted with the exact same state of mind, and yet, have obtained entirely different verdicts[29]. The present day rules which govern the insanity defense date back to 1843 and have been criticized for a varied range of reasons. It remains unclear if this defense is available in all the cases or not. As the law lags on the psychiatric understanding, in practice, the defense remains under-used and the correct legal test is not applied by the medical professionals. The label of being insane is an outdated one for describing the ones suffering with a mental illness. And is especially wrong in the matter where individuals have learning difficulties or disabilities, or the ones suffering from epilepsy. Moreover, the case laws on sane and insane automatism are incoherent and produce such results which counter the common-sense[30]. Possible Reforms The problems associated with sand and insane automatism have been thoroughly discussed by the Law Commission of UK and through their discussion paper on Criminal Liability: Insanity and Automatism, they have suggested various reforms to deal with the identified problems. They have suggested that a new defense should be put forward regarding the individual not being criminally responsible for the reasons of a recognized medical condition. This would help in abolishing the insanity defense. And since the crime would be done due to a recognized medical condition, the individual would not be criminally held liable for their actions[31]. There is also a need for a new special verdict. The present special verdict attains the verdict of not being guilty by reason of insanity, and to this, are attached particular disposal powers. The new proposed defense would give a new special verdict, which is not being criminally responsible by reasons of a recognized medical condition and it would have special disposal powers[32]. Need for implementation of the new reforms The proposal put forward by the Law Commission should be brought into force. The foremost and the most crucial reason for this is that a sense of human dignity would be maintained as instead of giving the verdict as an insane person, the individual would be said to be suffering from a recognized disease. This would ensure that the proper respect is given to an individual, who is suffering from a disease and which led to the undertaking of the crime. The proposed changes would transform the defense of automation. By introducing the new defense, the relationship of it with the defense of automatism would be different. Under the current law, some of the condition would lead to the defense of automatism only when they would be recognized medical conditions and so, would lead to the defense under the provisional proposals. Also, the scope of a plea made under automatism would be narrower in comparison to the provisions under the current law. Position of other jurisdictions Depending upon the jurisdiction, the automatism can be a defense which is distinctive from insanity or a species of it[33]. Even though the law of the other jurisdictions like of Canada, Australia and UK are not binding in the courts of Malaysia, as they are restricted by the wordings of the Penal Code, though the developments in this regard, of the other jurisdictions do shed light over these concepts[34]. Moreover, these are of assistance in both the legislatures, as well as, the courts while incorporating the concepts into the code. A key example of this can be seen in the cases quoted earlier, which are mostly English cases. Even though the positions are different based on the jurisdictions, but the view regarding diabetes remains largely the same due to the application of the M'Naghten rule in nearly all the jurisdictions. Moreover, the case laws used above, are established case laws and are often used in taking a decision, especially in the case of diabetes. So, the English case laws form the base for making a decision in this matter, irrespective of the jurisdiction. And it is not just the use of English case laws, but the established case laws which are used to take a decision in such matters. So, even though the codes may be varied based on the jurisdictions, but the crux of the matter in this issue remains the same, throughout. Bibliography Primary Sources Bratty v A-G for NI [1963] AC 386 Broome v Perkins [1987] Crim LR 271 Kay v Butterworth (1945) 61 TLR 452 McClain v. State, (Ind. 1997) 678 N.E.2d 104 M'Naghten [1843] UKHL J16 R v Bingham [1991] Crim LR 43 R v Burgess [1991] 2 WLR 1206 R v Clarke [1972] 1 All ER 219 R v Hennessy [1989] 1 WLR 287 R v Kemp (1957) 1 QB 399 R v Pritchard (1836) 7 CP 303 R v Quick Paddison [1973] QB 910 R v Sullivan [1984] AC 156 R v Windle [1952] 2QB 826 Secondary SourcesBooks Herring J, Criminal Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (7th edn, Oxford University Press 2014) Martin J and Storey T, Unlocking Criminal Law (3rd edn, Routledge 2013) Routledge Revision Lawcards, Criminal Law (6th edn, Routledge-Cavendish, 2008) Smith JC and others, Smith and Hogan's Criminal Law (14th edn, Oxford University Press 2015) Online Journals Mackay RD, An anatomy of automatism [2015] 55 Med Sci Law https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26378105 accessed 07 March 2017 Websites and blogs E-Law Resources, Defence of insanity (2017) https://e-lawresources.co.uk/ Insanity.php accessed 07 March 2017 E-Law Resources, Defence of Non-Insane Automatism in Criminal Law (2017) https://e-lawresources.co.uk/Non-insane-automatism.php accessed 07 March 2017 E-Law Resources, R v Hennessy [1989] 1 WLR 287 Court of Appeal (2017) https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/R-v-Hennessy.php accessed 07 March 2017 E-Law Resources, R v Quick [1973] 3 WLR 26 Court of Appeal (2017) https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/R-v-Quick.php accessed 07 March 2017 Law Commission, Criminal Liability: Insanity and Automatism- A Discussion Paper (23 July 2013) https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/insanity_discussion.pdf accessed 07 March 2017 Law Commission, Criminal Liability: Insanity and Automatism- A Discussion Paper Summary for non-specialists (23 July 2013) https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/insanity_discussion_summary.pdf accessed 07 March 2017 Law Commission, Insanity and Automatism (2017) https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/insanity-and-automatism/ accessed 07 March 2017 Yeo S, Situating Automatism in the Penal Codes of Malaysia and Singapore (The Malaysian Bar, 22 August 2005) https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/criminal_law/situating_automatism_in_the_penal_codes_of_malaysia_and_singapore.html accessed 07 March 2017 Ronnie D Mackay, An anatomy of automatism [2015] 55 Med Sci Law https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26378105 accessed 07 March 2017 Law Commission, Insanity and Automatism (2017) https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/project/insanity-and-automatism/ accessed 07 March 2017 Law Commission, Criminal Liability: Insanity and Automatism- A Discussion Paper (23 July 2013) https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/insanity_discussion.pdf accessed 07 March 2017 Law Commission, Criminal Liability: Insanity and Automatism- A Discussion Paper Summary for non-specialists (23 July 2013) https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/insanity_discussion_summary.pdf accessed 07 March 2017 McClain v. State, (Ind. 1997) 678 N.E.2d 104 at 108 Stanley Yeo, Situating Automatism in the Penal Codes of Malaysia and Singapore (The Malaysian Bar, 22 August 2005) https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/criminal_law/situating_automatism_in_the_penal_codes_of_malaysia_and_singapore.html accessed 07 March 2017